![]() In fact, taurine and glycine are already found in protein-the problem is that they’re not found in very high quantities. Creatine, for example, has been shown to enhance recovery, boost brain function, and increase muscle strength. So what’s so bad about these extra fellas joining the party? First, let me clarify that amino acids-when taken as a supplement-can be beneficial for an athlete. However, the issue at hand is that instead of using complete proteins in their product (such as whey, casein and egg), manufacturers are adding “extra” amino acids such as taurine, glycine, glutamine, and creatine to protein powders. As Jim Stoppani explains, nitrogen is used as a measuring factor because protein is made up of different amino acids that are strung together in a chain, and every amino acid contains nitrogen-thus explaining how nitrogen can be used to determine the amount of protein in a product. ![]() The amount of protein in a product is currently measured is by measuring the nitrogen content of the product, which is then converted into the protein amount. Nitrogen spiking-also known as “protein spiking” or “amino spiking”-is a technique that allows supplement companies to put less protein in their product than is supposedly listed on their nutritional label. So what exactly is nitrogen spiking and why is it causing such a frenzy? 3 How can you tell if your protein supplement has excessive amino acids? Learn to read the label.1 So what exactly is nitrogen spiking and why is it causing such a frenzy?.We are left with several hypotheses and more questions, but with a clear direction. Indeed, presence of viral proteins has been associated with hyperinflammatory responses such as in severe COVID-19 or the notorious multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Given myocarditis also occurs after other vaccines, it is likely that the presence of circulating spike is a biomarker rather than the causal agent. The implications of this finding are unclear, since it is yet unknown how the spike protein evades cleavage or clearance, especially in the setting of a normal adaptive immune response, or whether in itself is pathogenic. Patients who developed postvaccine myocarditis had persistently elevated free spike protein in circulation, which correlated with evidence of cardiac injury and inflammatory cytokines. In summary, the data show that adaptive and T-cell immunity responses were normal in recipients of mRNA vaccines, both with and without myocarditis. The investigators used a thorough approach in teasing out the various aspects that could underlie vaccine-induced myocarditis. This is a great example of a study with mostly negative findings which are, however, insightful. However, inflammatory cytokine levels were altered, with elevations in interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-10, interferon-gamma and IL-1-beta, reflecting innate inflammatory activation. There were no differences in antibody levels (anti-spike, anti-receptor binding protein, immunoglobulin M, IgG, IgA, or anti-Fc), auto-antibodies, or antibodies to common respiratory pathogens. ![]() With regard to T-cell responses, there were no major differences in various T-cell subsets (effector, effector memory, spike-specific, interferon-gamma and degranulating). Levels of free spike did not differ between males and females, and remained elevated for weeks in a subset of patients with repeated blood collections. Levels of full-length spike protein (33.9 ± 22.4 pg/mL), unbound by antibodies were markedly elevated in the plasma of individuals with postvaccine myocarditis, whereas no free spike was detected in asymptomatic vaccinated control subjects (unpaired t-test p < 0.0001). Total neutrophil count was higher in patients with myocarditis compared to those without, albeit remaining in the normal range. All patients had elevated cardiac troponin T levels (median 260 ng/L) and C-reactive protein levels (29.75 mg/L). The cohort of myocarditis patients consisted of mostly males (n = 13 of 16) who experienced myocarditis after the second dose (n = 12 of 16), within the first week after vaccination (median of 4 days).
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